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Why does the action potential “jump”?

orange = inside positive (depolarized) · blue = resting · yellow dots Na⁺ · purple dots K⁺ · streaks inside the axon = current flow · hover anything for details

Takeaway. Nothing leaps through the fluid: current flows continuously along the inside of the axon, and myelin insulates each internode so the current reaches the next node before it fades below threshold. What is discrete is where the action potential is regenerated: only at the nodes of Ranvier. That makes conduction faster and cheaper, because far fewer Na⁺ ions have to be pumped back out.

Not to scale: real nodes are ~1 µm wide and internodes hundreds of µm long. Keys: space = play/pause, → = next step, R = restart.

Embed: <iframe src="https://nelurad.github.io/neurosims/saltatory-conduction/" width="100%" height="1100" style="border:0" title="Saltatory Conduction"></iframe>

References

  • Huxley, A. F., & Stämpfli, R. (1949). Evidence for saltatory conduction in peripheral myelinated nerve fibres. Journal of Physiology, 108(3), 315–339.
  • Purves, D., et al. (Eds.). Neuroscience. Oxford University Press / Sinauer.